Rucht 1999: The Impact of Environmental Movements in Western Societies


 * paradox of environmental movement:  It established lots of protective laws, lots of policies and changed attitudes of whole populations BUT it could not stop environmental deterioration.
 * it was still worth the effort probably:


 * in some developed countries: nature did benefit
 * maybe without SM it would be worse
 * participation as moral imperative (you can tell your children, you did everything you could), not because of belief in efficacy (Christmann 1996[1])
 * how to assess the state of the environment: nationally, comparative, changes over time